Our bodies have an array of defenses against foreign matter. Some of these defenses are non-specific, that is, they protect against any intruder. Such defenses include the unbroken skin, blood-filtering lymphoid tissue, cilia and mucus that trap foreign material, bactericidal body secretions, and reflexes such as coughing and sneezing. Specific attacks on disease organisms are mounted by the immune system. The immune response involves complex interactions between components of the lymphatic system and the blood. Any foreign particle may act as an antigen, that is, a substance that provokes a response by the immune system. This response comes from two types of lymphocytes that circulate in the blood and lymphatic system. One type, the T cells (T lymphocytes), mature in the thymus gland. They are capable of attacking a foreign cell directly, producing cell-mediated immunity. Macrophages, descendants of monocytes, are important in the function of T cells. Macrophages take in and process foreign antigens.
A T cell is activated when it contacts an antigen on the surface of a macrophage in combination with some of the body’s own proteins.
The B cells: (B lymphocytes) mature in lymphoid tissue. When they meet a foreign antigen, they multiply rapidly, transforming into plasma cells. These cells produce antibodies, also called immunoglobulins (Ig), that inactivate an antigen. Antibodies remain in the blood, often providing long-term immunity to the specific organism against which they were formed. Antibody-based immunity is referred to as humoral immunity.
Types of Immunity:
1) Passive immunity : it involves the transfer of antibodies to an individual either naturally, through the placenta or mother’s milk, or artificially, by the administration of an immune serum.
2)Active immunity involves the individual’s own response to a disease organism, either through natural contact with the organism or by the administration of an artificially prepared vaccine. Immunology has long been a very active area of research. The above description is only the barest outline of the events that are known to occur in the immune response, and there is much still to be discovered. Some of the areas of research include autoimmune diseases, in which an individual produces antibodies to his or her own body tissues; hereditary and acquired immune deficiency diseases; the relationship between cancer and immunity; and the development of techniques for avoiding rejection of transplanted tissue. To keep this amazing system work properly,good hygien,regular exsecis is the most important factors. if you like to read it in hausa,just click here.for lift.direct to the hausa version.or leave your comment.blew.
2)Active immunity involves the individual’s own response to a disease organism, either through natural contact with the organism or by the administration of an artificially prepared vaccine. Immunology has long been a very active area of research. The above description is only the barest outline of the events that are known to occur in the immune response, and there is much still to be discovered. Some of the areas of research include autoimmune diseases, in which an individual produces antibodies to his or her own body tissues; hereditary and acquired immune deficiency diseases; the relationship between cancer and immunity; and the development of techniques for avoiding rejection of transplanted tissue. To keep this amazing system work properly,good hygien,regular exsecis is the most important factors. if you like to read it in hausa,just click here.for lift.direct to the hausa version.or leave your comment.blew.
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